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Germany Country Profile

Berlin Weather
2.918 Trillion
GDP in USD
82,329,758
Population
357,022
Area in km2
DE / 49
Country/Dial Code

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Country Profile

Background:
 
As Europe's largest economy and second most populous nation (after Russia), Germany is a key member of the continent's economic, political, and defense organizations. European power struggles immersed Germany in two devastating World Wars in the first half of the 20th century and left the country occupied by the victorious Allied powers of the US, UK, France, and the Soviet Union in 1945. With the advent of the Cold War, two German states were formed in 1949: the western Federal Republic of Germany (FRG) and the eastern German Democratic Republic (GDR). The democratic FRG embedded itself in key Western economic and security organizations, the EC, which became the EU, and NATO, while the communist GDR was on the front line of the Soviet-led Warsaw Pact. The decline of the USSR and the end of the Cold War allowed for German unification in 1990. Since then, Germany has expended considerable funds to bring Eastern productivity and wages up to Western standards. In January 1999, Germany and 10 other EU countries introduced a common European exchange currency, the euro.

Country name:
 
conventional long form: Federal Republic of Germany
conventional short form: Germany
local long form: Bundesrepublik Deutschland
local short form: Deutschland
former: German Empire, German Republic, German Reich
 

Government type:

federal republic
 

Capital:

name: Berlin
geographic coordinates: 52 31 N, 13 24 E
time difference: UTC+1 (6 hours ahead of Washington, DC, during Standard Time)
daylight saving time: +1hr, begins last Sunday in March; ends last Sunday in October
 

Administrative divisions:

16 states (Laender, singular - Land); Baden-Wuerttemberg, Bayern (Bavaria), Berlin, Brandenburg, Bremen, Hamburg, Hessen (Hesse), Mecklenburg-Vorpommern (Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania), Niedersachsen (Lower Saxony), Nordrhein-Westfalen (North Rhine-Westphalia), Rheinland-Pfalz (Rhineland-Palatinate), Saarland, Sachsen (Saxony), Sachsen-Anhalt (Saxony-Anhalt), Schleswig-Holstein, Thueringen (Thuringia); note - Bayern, Sachsen, and Thueringen refer to themselves as free states (Freistaaten, singular - Freistaat)
 

Independence:

18 January 1871 (establishment of the German Empire); divided into four zones of occupation (UK, US, USSR, and France) in 1945 following World War II; Federal Republic of Germany (FRG or West Germany) proclaimed on 23 May 1949 and included the former UK, US, and French zones; German Democratic Republic (GDR or East Germany) proclaimed on 7 October 1949 and included the former USSR zone; West Germany and East Germany unified on 3 October 1990; all four powers formally relinquished rights on 15 March 1991; notable earlier dates: 10 August 843 (Eastern Francia established from the division of the Carolingian Empire); 2 February 962 (crowning of OTTO I, recognized as the first Holy Roman Emperor)
 

National holiday:

Unity Day, 3 October (1990)
 

Constitution:

previous 1919 (Weimar Constitution); latest drafted 10 to 23 August 1948, approved 12 May 1949, promulgated 23 May 1949, entered into force 24 May 1949; amended many times, last in 2012 (2012)
 

Legal system:

civil law system
 

International law organization participation:

accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction with reservations; accepts ICCt jurisdiction
 

Suffrage:

18 years of age; universal
 

Executive branch:

chief of state: President Joachim GAUCK (since 23 March 2012)
head of government: Chancellor Angela MERKEL (since 22 November 2005)
cabinet: Cabinet or Bundesminister (Federal Ministers) appointed by the president on the recommendation of the chancellor
(For more information visit the World Leaders website Opens in New Window)
elections: president elected for a five-year term (eligible for a second term) by a Federal Convention, including all members of the Federal Parliament (Bundestag) and an equal number of delegates elected by the state parliaments; election last held on 19 February 2012 (next to be held by June 2017); chancellor elected by an absolute majority of the Federal Parliament for a four-year term; Federal Parliament vote for Chancellor last held on 17 December 2013 (next to be held after the September 2017 elections)
election results: Joachim GAUCK elected president; received 991 votes of the Federal Convention against 126 for Beate KLARSFELD and 3 for Olaf ROSE; Angela MERKEL reelected chancellor; vote by Federal Parliament 462 to 150 with four abstentions
 

Legislative branch:

bicameral legislature consists of the Federal Council or Bundesrat (69 votes; state governments sit in the Council; each has three to six votes in proportion to population and is required to vote as a block) and the Federal Parliament or Bundestag (630 seats; members elected by popular vote for a four-year term under a system of personalized proportional representation; a party must win 5% of the national vote or three direct mandates to gain proportional representation and caucus recognition)
elections: Bundestag - last held on 22 September 2013 (next to be held no later than autumn 2017); most all postwar German governments have been coalitions; note - there are no elections for the Bundesrat; composition is determined by the composition of the state-level governments; the composition of the Bundesrat has the potential to change any time one of the 16 states holds an election
election results: Bundestag - percent of vote by party - CDU/CSU 41.5%, SPD 25.7%, Left 8.6%, Greens 8.4%, FDP 4.8%, other 10.9%; seats by party - CDU/CSU 311, SPD 193, Left 64, Greens 63
 

Judicial branch:

highest court(s): Federal Court of Justice (court consists of 127 judges including the court president, vice-presidents, presiding judges, and other judges, and organized into 25 Senates subdivided into 12 civil panels, 5 criminal panels, and 8 special panels; Federal Constitutional Court or Bundesverfassungsgericht (consists of 2 Senates each subdivided into 3 chambers, each with a chairman and 8 members)
judge selection and term of office: Federal Court of Justice judges selected by the Judges Election Committee, which consists of the Secretaries of Justice from each of the 16 federated States and 16 members appointed by the Federal Parliament; judges appointed by the president of Germany; judges serve until mandatory retirement at age 65; Federal Constitutional Court judges - one-half elected by the House of Representatives and one-half by the Senate; judges appointed for 12-year terms with mandatory retirement at age 68
subordinate courts: Federal Administrative Court; Federal Finance Court; Federal Labor Court; Federal Social Court; each of the 16 German states or Land has its own constitutional court and a hierarchy of ordinary (civil, criminal, family) and specialized (administrative, finance, labor, social) courts
 

Political parties and leaders:

Alliance '90/Greens [Cem OEZDEMIR and Simone PETER]
Christian Democratic Union or CDU [Angela MERKEL]
Christian Social Union or CSU [Horst SEEHOFER]
Free Democratic Party or FDP [Christian LINDNER]
Left Party or Die Linke [Katia KIPPING and Bernd RIEXINGER]
Social Democratic Party or SPD [Sigmar GABRIEL]
 

Political pressure groups and leaders:

business associations and employers' organizations
trade unions; religious, immigrant, expellee, and veterans groups
 

International organization participation:

ADB (nonregional member), AfDB (nonregional member), Arctic Council (observer), Australia Group, BIS, BSEC (observer), CBSS, CD, CDB, CE, CERN, EAPC, EBRD, ECB, EIB, EITI (implementing country), EMU, ESA, EU, FAO, FATF, G-20, G-5, G-7, G-8, G-10, IADB, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC (national committees), ICRM, IDA, IEA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, IGAD (partners), IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, IMSO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, ISO, ITSO, ITU, ITUC (NGOs), MIGA, MINUSMA, NATO, NEA, NSG, OAS (observer), OECD, OPCW, OSCE, Pacific Alliance (observer), Paris Club, PCA, Schengen Convention, SELEC (observer), SICA (observer), UN, UNAMID, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, UNIFIL, UNMIL, UNMISS, UNRWA, UNWTO, UPU, WCO, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO, ZC
 

Diplomatic representation in the US:

chief of mission: Ambassador Hans Peter WITTIG (since 21 May 2014)
chancery: 2300 M Street NW, Washington, DC 20037
telephone: [1] (202) 298-4000
FAX: [1] (202) 298-4261
consulate(s) general: Atlanta, Boston, Chicago, Houston, Los Angeles, Miami, New York, San Francisco
 

Diplomatic representation from the US:

chief of mission: Ambassador John B. EMERSON (since 7 August 2013)
embassy: Pariser Platz 2, 10117 Berlin
mailing address: Unit 5090, Box 1000, DPO AE09265
telephone: [49] (30) 48305-0
FAX: [49] (30) 8305-1215
consulate(s) general: Duesseldorf, Frankfurt am Main, Hamburg, Leipzig, Munich
 

Flag description:

three equal horizontal bands of black (top), red, and gold; these colors have played an important role in German history and can be traced back to the medieval banner of the Holy Roman Emperor - a black eagle with red claws and beak on a gold field
 

National symbol(s):

golden eagle
 

National anthem:

name: "Das Lied der Deutschen" (Song of the Germans)


lyrics/music: August Heinrich HOFFMANN VON FALLERSLEBEN/Franz Joseph HAYDN
note: adopted 1922; the anthem, also known as "Deutschlandlied" (Song of Germany), was originally adopted for its connection to the March 1848 liberal revolution; following appropriation by the Nazis of the first verse, specifically the phrase, "Deutschland, Deutschland ueber alles" (Germany, Germany above all) to promote nationalism, it was banned after 1945; in 1952, its third verse was adopted by West Germany as its national anthem; in 1990, it became the national anthem for the reunited Germany

Economy - overview:
 
The German economy - the fifth largest economy in the world in PPP terms and Europe's largest - is a leading exporter of machinery, vehicles, chemicals, and household equipment and benefits from a highly skilled labor force. Like its Western European neighbors, Germany faces significant demographic challenges to sustained long-term growth. Low fertility rates and declining net immigration are increasing pressure on the country's social welfare system and necessitate structural reforms. Reforms launched by the government of Chancellor Gerhard SCHROEDER (1998-2005), deemed necessary to address chronically high unemployment and low average growth, has contributed to strong growth and falling unemployment. These advances, as well as a government subsidized, reduced working hour scheme, help explain the relatively modest increase in unemployment during the 2008-09 recession - the deepest since World War II - and its decrease to 5.3% in 2013. The new German government introduced a minimum wage of $11 per hour to take effect in 2015. Stimulus and stabilization efforts initiated in 2008 and 2009 and tax cuts introduced in Chancellor Angela MERKEL's second term increased Germany's total budget deficit - including federal, state, and municipal - to 4.1% in 2010, but slower spending and higher tax revenues reduced the deficit to 0.8% in 2011 and in 2012 Germany reached a budget surplus of 0.1%. A constitutional amendment approved in 2009 limits the federal government to structural deficits of no more than 0.35% of GDP per annum as of 2016 though the target was already reached in 2012. Following the March 2011 Fukushima nuclear disaster, Chancellor Angela MERKEL announced in May 2011 that eight of the country's 17 nuclear reactors would be shut down immediately and the remaining plants would close by 2022. Germany hopes to replace nuclear power with renewable energy. Before the shutdown of the eight reactors, Germany relied on nuclear power for 23% of its electricity generating capacity and 46% of its base-load electricity production.
 

GDP (purchasing power parity):

$3.227 trillion (2013 est.)
country comparison to the world: 6
$3.211 trillion (2012 est.)
$3.182 trillion (2011 est.)
note: data are in 2013 US dollars
 

GDP (official exchange rate):

$3.593 trillion (2013 est.)
 

GDP - real growth rate:

0.5% (2013 est.)
country comparison to the world: 185
0.9% (2012 est.)
3.4% (2011 est.)
 

GDP - per capita (PPP):

$39,500 (2013 est.)
country comparison to the world: 29
$39,200 (2012 est.)
$38,900 (2011 est.)
note: data are in 2013 US dollars
 

Gross national saving:

24.7% of GDP (2013 est.)
country comparison to the world: 50
24.3% of GDP (2012 est.)
24.4% of GDP (2011 est.)
 

GDP - composition, by end use:

household consumption: 57.6%
government consumption: 19.4%
investment in fixed capital: 17.5%
investment in inventories: 0.1%
exports of goods and services: 49.5%
imports of goods and services: -44.1%
(2013 est.)
 

GDP - composition, by sector of origin:

agriculture: 0.8%
industry: 30.1%
services: 69%
(2013 est.)
 

Agriculture - products:

potatoes, wheat, barley, sugar beets, fruit, cabbages; milk products; cattle, pigs, poultry
 

Industries:

among the world's largest and most technologically advanced producers of iron, steel, coal, cement, chemicals, machinery, vehicles, machine tools, electronics, automobiles, food and beverages, shipbuilding, textiles
 

Industrial production growth rate:

-0.3% (2013 est.)
country comparison to the world: 167
Labor force:

44.2 million (2013 est.)
country comparison to the world: 15
 

Labor force - by occupation:

agriculture: 1.6%
industry: 24.6%
services: 73.8%
(2011)
 

Unemployment rate:

5.3% (2013 est.)
country comparison to the world: 52
5.5% (2012 est.)
 

Population below poverty line:

15.5% (2010 est.)
 

Household income or consumption by percentage share:

lowest 10%: 3.6%
highest 10%: 24% (2000)
 

Distribution of family income - Gini index:

27 (2006)
country comparison to the world: 130
30 (1994)
 

Budget:

revenues: $1.626 trillion
expenditures: $1.624 trillion (2013 est.)
 

Taxes and other revenues:

45.3% of GDP (2013 est.)
country comparison to the world: 20
 

Budget surplus (+) or deficit (-):

0.1% of GDP (2013 est.)
country comparison to the world: 41
 

Public debt:

79.9% of GDP (2013 est.)
country comparison to the world: 26
81% of GDP (2012 est.)
note: general government gross debt is defined in the Maastricht Treaty as consolidated general government gross debt at nominal value, outstanding at the end of the year in the following categories of government liabilities (as defined in ESA95): currency and deposits (AF.2), securities other than shares excluding financial derivatives (AF.3, excluding AF.34), and loans (AF.4); the general government sector comprises the sub-sectors of central government, state government, local government and social security funds; the series are presented as a percentage of GDP and in millions of euro; GDP used as a denominator is the gross domestic product at current market prices; data expressed in national currency are converted into euro using end-of-year exchange rates provided by the European Central Bank
 

Fiscal year:

calendar year
 

Inflation rate (consumer prices):

1.6% (2013 est.)
country comparison to the world: 44
2.1% (2012 est.)
 

Central bank discount rate:

0.75% (31 December 2013)
country comparison to the world: 122
1.5% (31 December 2010)
note: this is the European Central Bank's rate on the marginal lending facility, which offers overnight credit to banks in the euro area
 

Commercial bank prime lending rate:

2.8% (31 December 2013 est.)
country comparison to the world: 168
3.07% (31 December 2012 est.)
 

Stock of narrow money:

$2.158 trillion (31 December 2013 est.)
country comparison to the world: 5
$2.025 trillion (31 December 2012 est.)
note: see entry for the European Union for money supply in the euro area; the European Central Bank (ECB) controls monetary policy for the 17 members of the Economic and Monetary Union (EMU); individual members of the EMU do not control the quantity of money circulating within their own borders
 

Stock of broad money:

$4.551 trillion (31 December 2013 est.)
country comparison to the world: 5
$4.342 trillion (31 December 2012 est.)
 

Stock of domestic credit:

$4.457 trillion (31 December 2013 est.)
country comparison to the world: 5
$4.277 trillion (31 December 2012 est.)
 

Market value of publicly traded shares:

$1.486 trillion (31 December 2012 est.)
country comparison to the world: 10
$1.184 trillion (31 December 2011)
$1.43 trillion (31 December 2010 est.)
 

Current account balance:

$257.1 billion (2013 est.)
country comparison to the world: 1
$238.5 billion (2012 est.)
 

Exports:

$1.493 trillion (2013 est.)
country comparison to the world: 4
$1.46 trillion (2012 est.)
 

Exports - commodities:

motor vehicles, machinery, chemicals, computer and electronic products, electrical equipment, pharmaceuticals, metals, transport equipment, foodstuffs, textiles, rubber and plastic products
 

Exports - partners:

France 9.21%, United States 7.85%, United Kingdom 6.53%, Netherlands 6.33%, China 5.91%, Italy 5.05%, Austria 5.03%, Switzerland 4.3%, Belgium 4.04% (2013 est.)
 

Imports:

$1.233 trillion (2013 est.)
country comparison to the world: 4
$1.222 trillion (2012 est.)
 

Imports - commodities:

machinery, data processing equipment, vehicles, chemicals, oil and gas, metals, electric equipment, pharmaceuticals, foodstuffs, agricultural products
 

Imports - partners:

Netherlands 12.88%, France 7.61%, China 6.25%, Belgium 6.13%, Italy 5.31%, United Kingdom 4.61%, Austria 4.33%, United States 4.19%, Switzerland 4.3%, Austria 4.1%, Poland 4% (2013 est.)
 

Reserves of foreign exchange and gold:

$248.9 billion (31 December 2012 est.)
country comparison to the world: 13
$238.9 billion (31 December 2011 est.)
 

Debt - external:

$5.717 trillion (31 December 2012 est.)
country comparison to the world: 4
$5.338 trillion (31 December 2011)
 

Stock of direct foreign investment - at home:

$1.335 trillion (31 December 2013 est.)
country comparison to the world: 5
$1.307 trillion (31 December 2012 est.)
 

Stock of direct foreign investment - abroad:

$1.871 trillion (31 December 2013 est.)
country comparison to the world: 3
$1.788 trillion (31 December 2012 est.)
 

Exchange rates:

euros (EUR) per US dollar -
0.7634 (2013 est.)
0.7752 (2012 est.)
0.755 (2010 est.)
0.7198 (2009 est.)
0.6827 (2008 est.)

Location:
 
Central Europe, bordering the Baltic Sea and the North Sea, between the Netherlands and Poland, south of Denmark
 

Geographic coordinates:

51 00 N, 9 00 E
 

Map references:

Europe
 

Area:

total: 357,022 sq km
country comparison to the world: 63
land: 348,672 sq km
water: 8,350 sq km
 

Area - comparative:

Area comparison map:  
 

Land boundaries:

total: 3,694 km
border countries: Austria 801 km, Belgium 133 km, Czech Republic 704 km, Denmark 140 km, France 418 km, Luxembourg 128 km, Netherlands 575 km, Poland 447 km, Switzerland 348 km
 

Coastline:

2,389 km
 

Maritime claims:

territorial sea: 12 nm
exclusive economic zone: 200 nm
continental shelf: 200 m depth or to the depth of exploitation
 

Climate:

temperate and marine; cool, cloudy, wet winters and summers; occasional warm mountain (foehn) wind
 

Terrain:

lowlands in north, uplands in center, Bavarian Alps in south
 

Elevation extremes:

lowest point: Neuendorf bei Wilster -3.54 m
highest point: Zugspitze 2,963 m
 

Natural resources:

coal, lignite, natural gas, iron ore, copper, nickel, uranium, potash, salt, construction materials, timber, arable land
 

Land use:

arable land: 33.25%
permanent crops: 0.56%
other: 66.19% (2011)
 

Irrigated land:

5,157 sq km (2006)
 

Total renewable water resources:

154 cu km (2011)
 

Freshwater withdrawal (domestic/industrial/agricultural):

total: 32.3 cu km/yr (16%/84%/0%)
per capita: 391.4 cu m/yr (2007)
 

Natural hazards:

flooding
 

Environment - current issues:

emissions from coal-burning utilities and industries contribute to air pollution; acid rain, resulting from sulfur dioxide emissions, is damaging forests; pollution in the Baltic Sea from raw sewage and industrial effluents from rivers in eastern Germany; hazardous waste disposal; government established a mechanism for ending the use of nuclear power over the next 15 years; government working to meet EU commitment to identify nature preservation areas in line with the EU's Flora, Fauna, and Habitat directive
 

Environment - international agreements:

party to: Air Pollution, Air Pollution-Nitrogen Oxides, Air Pollution-Persistent Organic Pollutants, Air Pollution-Sulfur 85, Air Pollution-Sulfur 94, Air Pollution-Volatile Organic Compounds, Antarctic-Environmental Protocol, Antarctic-Marine Living Resources, Antarctic Seals, Antarctic Treaty, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 83, Tropical Timber 94, Wetlands, Whaling
signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements
 

Geography - note:

strategic location on North European Plain and along the entrance to the Baltic Sea

Nationality:
 
noun: German(s)
adjective: German
 

Ethnic groups:

German 91.5%, Turkish 2.4%, other 6.1% (made up largely of Greek, Italian, Polish, Russian, Serbo-Croatian, Spanish)
 

Languages:

German (official)
note: Lower Sorbian, North Frisian, Sater Frisian, and Upper Sorbian are recognized as regional languages under the European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages
 

Religions:

Protestant 34%, Roman Catholic 34%, Muslim 3.7%, unaffiliated or other 28.3%
 

Population:

80,996,685 (July 2014 est.)
country comparison to the world: 18
 

Age structure:

0-14 years: 13% (male 5,386,525/female 5,107,336)
15-24 years: 10.6% (male 4,367,713/female 4,188,566)
25-54 years: 41.7% (male 17,116,346/female 16,664,995)
55-64 years: 13.6% (male 5,463,221/female 5,574,166)
65 years and over: 20.9% (male 7,468,552/female 9,659,265) (2014 est.)
population pyramid:  
 

Dependency ratios:

total dependency ratio: 52.1 %
youth dependency ratio: 19.8 %
elderly dependency ratio: 32.3 %
potential support ratio: 3.1 (2014 est.)
 

Median age:

total: 46.1 years
male: 45.1 years
female: 47.2 years (2014 est.)
 

Population growth rate:

-0.18% (2014 est.)
country comparison to the world: 212
 

Birth rate:

8.42 births/1,000 population (2014 est.)
country comparison to the world: 219
 

Death rate:

11.29 deaths/1,000 population (2014 est.)
country comparison to the world: 31
 

Net migration rate:

1.06 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2014 est.)
country comparison to the world: 60
 

Urbanization:

urban population: 73.9% of total population (2011)
rate of urbanization: -0.03% annual rate of change (2010-15 est.)
 

Major urban areas - population:

BERLIN (capital) 3.462 million; Hamburg 1.796 million; Munich 1.364 million; Cologne 1.006 million (2011)
 

Sex ratio:

at birth: 1.06 male(s)/female
0-14 years: 1.06 male(s)/female
15-24 years: 1.04 male(s)/female
25-54 years: 1.03 male(s)/female
55-64 years: 0.97 male(s)/female
65 years and over: 0.76 male(s)/female
total population: 0.97 male(s)/female (2014 est.)
 

Mother's mean age at first birth:

29.2 (2012 est.)
 

Maternal mortality rate:

7 deaths/100,000 live births (2010)
country comparison to the world: 165
 

Infant mortality rate:

total: 3.46 deaths/1,000 live births
country comparison to the world: 209
male: 3.75 deaths/1,000 live births
female: 3.14 deaths/1,000 live births (2014 est.)
 

Life expectancy at birth:

total population: 80.44 years
country comparison to the world: 28
male: 78.15 years
female: 82.86 years (2014 est.)
 

Total fertility rate:

1.43 children born/woman (2014 est.)
country comparison to the world: 203
 

Contraceptive prevalence rate:

66.2%
note: percent of women aged 18-49 (2005)
 

Health expenditures:

11.1% of GDP (2011)
country comparison to the world: 14
 

Physicians density:

3.69 physicians/1,000 population (2010)
 

Hospital bed density:

8.3 beds/1,000 population (2010)
 

Drinking water source:

improved: 
urban: 100% of population
rural: 100% of population
total: 100% of population
unimproved: 
urban: 0% of population
rural: 0% of population
total: 0% of population (2012 est.)
 

Sanitation facility access:

improved: 
urban: 100% of population
rural: 100% of population
total: 100% of population
unimproved: 
urban: 0% of population
rural: 0% of population
total: 0% of population (2012 est.)
 

HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate:

0.1% (2009 est.)
country comparison to the world: 138
 

HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS:

67,000 (2009 est.)
country comparison to the world: 56
 

HIV/AIDS - deaths:

fewer than 1,000 (2009 est.)
country comparison to the world: 79
 

Obesity - adult prevalence rate:

25.1% (2008)
country comparison to the world: 59
 

Children under the age of 5 years underweight:

1.1% (2006)
country comparison to the world: 133
 

Education expenditures:

5.1% of GDP (2010)
country comparison to the world: 74
 

Literacy:

definition: age 15 and over can read and write
total population: 99%
male: 99%
female: 99% (2003 est.)
 

School life expectancy (primary to tertiary education):

total: 16 years
male: 16 years
female: 16 years (2011)
 

Unemployment, youth ages 15-24:

total: 8.1%
country comparison to the world: 121
male: 8.8%
female: 7.4% (2012)

 

 

Telephones - main lines in use:
 
50.7 million (2012)
country comparison to the world: 4
 

Telephones - mobile cellular:

107.7 million (2012)
country comparison to the world: 11
 

Telephone system:

general assessment: Germany has one of the world's most technologically advanced telecommunications systems; as a result of intensive capital expenditures since reunification, the formerly backward system of the eastern part of the country, dating back to World War II, has been modernized and integrated with that of the western part
domestic: Germany is served by an extensive system of automatic telephone exchanges connected by modern networks of fiber-optic cable, coaxial cable, microwave radio relay, and a domestic satellite system; cellular telephone service is widely available, expanding rapidly, and includes roaming service to many foreign countries
international: country code - 49; Germany's international service is excellent worldwide, consisting of extensive land and undersea cable facilities as well as earth stations in the Inmarsat, Intelsat, Eutelsat, and Intersputnik satellite systems (2011)
 

Broadcast media:

a mixture of publicly operated and privately owned TV and radio stations; national and regional public broadcasters compete with nearly 400 privately owned national and regional TV stations; more than 90% of households have cable or satellite TV; hundreds of radio stations including multiple national radio networks, regional radio networks, and a large number of local radio stations (2008)
 

Internet country code:

.de
 

Internet hosts:

20.043 million (2012)
country comparison to the world: 6
 

Internet users:

65.125 million (2009)
country comparison to the world: 5

Airports:
 
539 (2013)
country comparison to the world: 13
 

Airports - with paved runways:

total: 318
over 3,047 m: 14
2,438 to 3,047 m: 49
1,524 to 2,437 m: 60
914 to 1,523 m: 70
under 914 m: 125 (2013)
 

Airports - with unpaved runways:

total: 221
1,524 to 2,437 m: 1
914 to 1,523 m: 35
under 914 m: 
185 (2013)
 

Heliports:

23 (2013)
 

Pipelines:

condensate 37 km; gas 26,985 km; oil 2,826 km; refined products 4,479 km; water 8 km (2013)
 

Railways:

total: 41,981 km
country comparison to the world: 6
standard gauge: 41,722 km 1.435-m gauge (20,053 km electrified)
narrow gauge: 220 km 1.000-m gauge (75 km electrified); 39 km 0.750-m gauge (24 km electrified) (2008)
 

Roadways:

total: 645,000 km
country comparison to the world: 11
paved: 645,000 km (includes 12,800 km of expressways)
note: includes local roads (2010)
 

Waterways:

7,467 km (Rhine River carries most goods; Main-Danube Canal links North Sea and Black Sea) (2012)
country comparison to the world: 19
 

Merchant marine:

total: 427
country comparison to the world: 24
by type: barge carrier 2, bulk carrier 6, cargo 51, carrier 1, chemical tanker 15, container 298, liquefied gas 6, passenger 4, passenger/cargo 24, petroleum tanker 10, refrigerated cargo 3, roll on/roll off 6, vehicle carrier 1
foreign-owned: 6 (Finland 3, Netherlands 1, Switzerland 2)
registered in other countries: 3,420 (Antigua and Barbuda 1094, Australia 2, Bahamas 30, Bermuda 14, Brazil 6, Bulgaria 12, Burma 1, Cayman Islands 3, Cook Islands 1, Curacao 25, Cyprus 192, Denmark 9, Dominica 5, Estonia 1, France 1, Gibraltar 123, Hong Kong 10, Isle of Man 56, Jamaica 10, Liberia 1185, Luxembourg 9, Malta 135, Marshall Islands 248, Morocco 1, Netherlands 86, NZ 2, Panama 24, Papua New Guinea 1, Philippines 2, Portugal 14, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 3, Singapore 32, Slovakia 3, Spain 4, Sri Lanka 8, Sweden 3, UK 59, US 5, Venezuela 1) (2010)
 

Ports and terminals:

major seaport(s): Baltic Sea - Rostock; North Sea - Wilhelmshaven
river port(s): Bremen (Weser); Bremerhaven (Geeste); Duisburg, Karlsruhe, Neuss-Dusseldorf (Rhine); Brunsbuttel, Hamburg (Elbe); Lubeck (Wakenitz)
oil/gas terminal(s): Brunsbuttel Canal terminals
container port(s): Bremen/Bremerhaven (5,915,487), Hamburg (9,014,165)(2011)

Electricity - production:
 
526.6 billion kWh (2012 est.)
country comparison to the world: 10
 

Electricity - consumption:

582.5 billion kWh (2012 est.)
country comparison to the world: 7
 

Electricity - exports:

66.81 billion kWh (2012 est.)
country comparison to the world: 2
 

Electricity - imports:

46.27 billion kWh (2012 est.)
country comparison to the world: 2
 

Electricity - installed generating capacity:

178.4 million kW (2012 est.)
country comparison to the world: 7
 

Electricity - from fossil fuels:

51% of total installed capacity (2012 est.)
country comparison to the world: 154
 

Electricity - from nuclear fuels:

7% of total installed capacity (2012 est.)
country comparison to the world: 21
 

Electricity - from hydroelectric plants:

6% of total installed capacity (2012 est.)
country comparison to the world: 123
 

Electricity - from other renewable sources:

36% of total installed capacity (2012 est.)
country comparison to the world: 3
 

Crude oil - production:

169,500 bbl/day (2012 est.)
country comparison to the world: 42
 

Crude oil - exports:

14,260 bbl/day (2010 est.)
country comparison to the world: 58
 

Crude oil - imports:

1.876 million bbl/day (2010 est.)
country comparison to the world: 6
 

Crude oil - proved reserves:

254.2 million bbl (1 January 2013 est.)
country comparison to the world: 56
 

Refined petroleum products - production:

2.198 million bbl/day (2010 est.)
country comparison to the world: 8
 

Refined petroleum products - consumption:

2.4 million bbl/day (2011 est.)
country comparison to the world: 9
 

Refined petroleum products - exports:

376,600 bbl/day (2010 est.)
country comparison to the world: 18
 

Refined petroleum products - imports:

758,100 bbl/day (2010 est.)
country comparison to the world: 9
 

Natural gas - production:

9 billion cu m (2012 est.)
country comparison to the world: 44
 

Natural gas - consumption:

75.2 billion cu m (2012 est.)
country comparison to the world: 9
 

Natural gas - exports:

18.

7 billion cu m (2012 est.)
country comparison to the world: 19
 

Natural gas - imports:

87.96 billion cu m (2012 est.)
country comparison to the world: 4
 

Natural gas - proved reserves:

125 billion cu m (1 January 2013 est.)
country comparison to the world: 52
 

Carbon dioxide emissions from consumption of energy:

814 million Mt (2012 est.)

Export Statistics


# Description Chapter Amount in Rands
1 Vehicles other than railway, tramway 87 R 32,577,745,047.00
2 Nuclear reactors, boilers, machinery, etc 84 R 7,872,601,434.00
3 Ores, slag and ash 26 R 5,345,769,413.00
4 Pearls, precious stones, metals, coins, etc 71 R 5,140,145,227.00
5 Miscellaneous chemical products 38 R 1,929,979,544.00
6 Mineral fuels, oils, distillation products, etc 27 R 1,020,851,621.00
7 Iron and steel 72 R 560,036,383.00
8 Electrical, electronic equipment 85 R 325,378,779.00
9 Inorganic chemicals, precious metal compound, isotopes 28 R 278,543,874.00
10 Furniture, lighting, signs, prefabricated buildings 94 R 264,362,334.00
11 Optical, photo, technical, medical, etc apparatus 90 R 254,394,686.00
12 Raw hides and skins (other than furskins) and leather 41 R 252,189,924.00
13 Organic chemicals 29 R 182,196,511.00
14 Aircraft, spacecraft, and parts thereof 88 R 156,698,449.00
15 Pharmaceutical products 30 R 123,076,768.00
16 Commodities not elsewhere specified 99 R 101,382,564.00
17 Rubber and articles thereof 40 R 89,151,050.00
18 Salt, sulphur, earth, stone, plaster, lime and cement 25 R 79,174,659.00
19 Stone, plaster, cement, asbestos, mica, etc articles 68 R 76,436,374.00
20 Beverages, spirits and vinegar 22 R 68,440,073.00
21 Works of art, collectors pieces and antiques 97 R 53,157,403.00
22 Plastics and articles thereof 39 R 50,206,784.00
23 Edible fruit, nuts, peel of citrus fruit, melons 08 R 49,769,343.00
24 Oil seed, oleagic fruits, grain, seed, fruit, etc, nes 12 R 43,775,011.00
25 Tools, implements, cutlery, etc of base metal 82 R 41,211,541.00
26 Articles of iron or steel 73 R 41,034,710.00
27 Railway, tramway locomotives, rolling stock, equipment 86 R 39,134,993.00
28 Nickel and articles thereof 75 R 38,003,161.00
29 Miscellaneous articles of base metal 83 R 34,208,309.00
30 Essential oils, perfumes, cosmetics, toileteries 33 R 26,702,591.00
31 Aluminium and articles thereof 76 R 26,649,368.00
32 Copper and articles thereof 74 R 26,204,136.00
33 Tobacco and manufactured tobacco substitutes 24 R 23,373,553.00
34 Ceramic products 69 R 18,289,050.00
35 Glass and glassware 70 R 15,781,036.00
36 Animal,vegetable fats and oils, cleavage products, etc 15 R 14,346,374.00
37 Lac, gums, resins, vegetable saps and extracts nes 13 R 13,340,235.00
38 Edible vegetables and certain roots and tubers 07 R 12,408,073.00
39 Clocks and watches and parts thereof 91 R 11,575,064.00
40 Tanning, dyeing extracts, tannins, derivs,pigments etc 32 R 8,252,233.00
41 Other base metals, cermets, articles thereof 81 R 8,249,706.00
42 Other made textile articles, sets, worn clothing etc 63 R 8,195,062.00
43 Live trees, plants, bulbs, roots, cut flowers etc 06 R 8,014,388.00
44 Residues, wastes of food industry, animal fodder 23 R 7,199,609.00
45 Soaps, lubricants, waxes, candles, modelling pastes 34 R 6,614,411.00
46 Umbrellas, walking-sticks, seat-sticks, whips, etc 66 R 5,975,864.00
47 Coffee, tea, mate and spices 09 R 5,714,411.00
48 Printed books, newspapers, pictures etc 49 R 5,642,497.00
49 Fertilizers 31 R 4,978,333.00
50 Miscellaneous manufactured articles 96 R 3,919,476.00
51 Impregnated, coated or laminated textile fabric 59 R 3,254,035.00
52 Fish, crustaceans, molluscs, aquatic invertebrates nes 03 R 2,416,901.00
53 Knitted or crocheted fabric 60 R 2,278,795.00
54 Articles of apparel, accessories, not knit or crochet 62 R 2,243,696.00
55 Paper & paperboard, articles of pulp, paper and board 48 R 2,060,463.00
56 Wood and articles of wood, wood charcoal 44 R 1,563,957.00
57 Articles of leather, animal gut, harness, travel goods 42 R 1,520,775.00
58 Explosives, pyrotechnics, matches, pyrophorics, etc 36 R 1,505,410.00
59 Wool, animal hair, horsehair yarn and fabric thereof 51 R 1,500,469.00
60 Albuminoids, modified starches, glues, enzymes 35 R 1,259,251.00
61 Special woven or tufted fabric, lace, tapestry etc 58 R 1,118,863.00
62 Wadding, felt, nonwovens, yarns, twine, cordage, etc 56 R 1,090,822.00
63 Live animals 01 R 1,058,897.00
64 Miscellaneous edible preparations 21 R 911,739.00
65 Toys, games, sports requisites 95 R 841,272.00
66 Meat and edible meat offal 02 R 789,077.00
67 Products of animal origin, nes 05 R 576,008.00
68 Vegetable, fruit, nut, etc food preparations 20 R 471,147.00
69 Manmade staple fibres 55 R 469,593.00
70 Milling products, malt, starches, inulin, wheat gluten 11 R 435,981.00
71 Musical instruments, parts and accessories 92 R 257,061.00
72 Furskins and artificial fur, manufactures thereof 43 R 229,524.00
73 Cereals 10 R 173,926.00
74 Ships, boats and other floating structures 89 R 172,122.00
75 Articles of apparel, accessories, knit or crochet 61 R 143,770.00
76 Tin and articles thereof 80 R 129,103.00
77 Carpets and other textile floor coverings 57 R 80,919.00
78 Cocoa and cocoa preparations 18 R 21,948.00
79 Footwear, gaiters and the like, parts thereof 64 R 17,880.00
80 Manmade filaments 54 R 17,880.00
81 Headgear and parts thereof 65 R 7,690.00
82 Manufactures of plaiting material, basketwork, etc. 46 R 6,329.00
83 Sugars and sugar confectionery 17 R 4,909.00
84 Cereal, flour, starch, milk preparations and products 19 R 650.00
85 Dairy products, eggs, honey, edible animal product nes 04 R 169.00
86 Photographic or cinematographic goods 37 R 151.00
87 Bird skin, feathers, artificial flowers, human hair 67 R 110.00
# Description Chapter Amount


# Description Chapter Amount in Rands
1 Vehicles other than railway, tramway 87 R 23,424,608,276.00
2 Nuclear reactors, boilers, machinery, etc 84 R 7,495,979,727.00
3 Pearls, precious stones, metals, coins, etc 71 R 6,574,153,086.00
4 Ores, slag and ash 26 R 4,411,627,925.00
5 Miscellaneous chemical products 38 R 2,861,718,596.00
6 Mineral fuels, oils, distillation products, etc 27 R 1,266,041,487.00
7 Iron and steel 72 R 646,659,974.00
8 Inorganic chemicals, precious metal compound, isotopes 28 R 527,372,744.00
9 Optical, photo, technical, medical, etc apparatus 90 R 324,304,137.00
10 Electrical, electronic equipment 85 R 309,911,258.00
11 Furniture, lighting, signs, prefabricated buildings 94 R 278,743,722.00
12 Aircraft, spacecraft, and parts thereof 88 R 254,476,605.00
13 Organic chemicals 29 R 223,822,533.00
14 Raw hides and skins (other than furskins) and leather 41 R 198,240,439.00
15 Articles of iron or steel 73 R 152,919,558.00
16 Rubber and articles thereof 40 R 101,734,110.00
17 Copper and articles thereof 74 R 90,340,589.00
18 Stone, plaster, cement, asbestos, mica, etc articles 68 R 57,533,040.00
19 Tools, implements, cutlery, etc of base metal 82 R 54,998,064.00
20 Beverages, spirits and vinegar 22 R 50,241,877.00
21 Salt, sulphur, earth, stone, plaster, lime and cement 25 R 47,507,723.00
22 Railway, tramway locomotives, rolling stock, equipment 86 R 44,614,430.00
23 Edible fruit, nuts, peel of citrus fruit, melons 08 R 40,799,895.00
24 Tanning, dyeing extracts, tannins, derivs,pigments etc 32 R 35,716,894.00
25 Works of art, collectors pieces and antiques 97 R 33,554,965.00
26 Plastics and articles thereof 39 R 33,279,018.00
27 Pharmaceutical products 30 R 28,916,115.00
28 Articles of leather, animal gut, harness, travel goods 42 R 26,978,215.00
29 Tobacco and manufactured tobacco substitutes 24 R 25,306,121.00
30 Essential oils, perfumes, cosmetics, toileteries 33 R 15,338,213.00
31 Miscellaneous articles of base metal 83 R 13,728,740.00
32 Clocks and watches and parts thereof 91 R 13,604,976.00
33 Fertilizers 31 R 10,745,477.00
34 Glass and glassware 70 R 10,342,322.00
35 Residues, wastes of food industry, animal fodder 23 R 9,881,985.00
36 Knitted or crocheted fabric 60 R 8,146,589.00
37 Aluminium and articles thereof 76 R 8,025,784.00
38 Edible vegetables and certain roots and tubers 07 R 7,098,029.00
39 Other base metals, cermets, articles thereof 81 R 6,974,826.00
40 Printed books, newspapers, pictures etc 49 R 6,641,075.00
41 Other made textile articles, sets, worn clothing etc 63 R 6,248,756.00
42 Animal,vegetable fats and oils, cleavage products, etc 15 R 5,940,940.00
43 Miscellaneous manufactured articles 96 R 5,478,651.00
44 Nickel and articles thereof 75 R 5,381,166.00
45 Fish, crustaceans, molluscs, aquatic invertebrates nes 03 R 5,344,365.00
46 Ceramic products 69 R 5,284,765.00
47 Coffee, tea, mate and spices 09 R 5,252,096.00
48 Live trees, plants, bulbs, roots, cut flowers etc 06 R 5,248,683.00
49 Soaps, lubricants, waxes, candles, modelling pastes 34 R 5,239,617.00
50 Umbrellas, walking-sticks, seat-sticks, whips, etc 66 R 4,516,773.00
51 Oil seed, oleagic fruits, grain, seed, fruit, etc, nes 12 R 3,890,230.00
52 Impregnated, coated or laminated textile fabric 59 R 1,990,749.00
53 Products of animal origin, nes 05 R 1,773,209.00
54 Paper & paperboard, articles of pulp, paper and board 48 R 1,490,393.00
55 Albuminoids, modified starches, glues, enzymes 35 R 1,138,748.00
56 Manmade filaments 54 R 998,455.00
57 Wood and articles of wood, wood charcoal 44 R 993,241.00
58 Toys, games, sports requisites 95 R 787,101.00
59 Photographic or cinematographic goods 37 R 713,682.00
60 Miscellaneous edible preparations 21 R 673,203.00
61 Wadding, felt, nonwovens, yarns, twine, cordage, etc 56 R 591,229.00
62 Meat and edible meat offal 02 R 517,769.00
63 Furskins and artificial fur, manufactures thereof 43 R 394,067.00
64 Ships, boats and other floating structures 89 R 211,588.00
65 Vegetable, fruit, nut, etc food preparations 20 R 208,482.00
66 Articles of apparel, accessories, knit or crochet 61 R 178,029.00
67 Headgear and parts thereof 65 R 162,489.00
68 Tin and articles thereof 80 R 149,119.00
69 Articles of apparel, accessories, not knit or crochet 62 R 78,925.00
70 Cereal, flour, starch, milk preparations and products 19 R 77,958.00
71 Cork and articles of cork 45 R 77,406.00
72 Carpets and other textile floor coverings 57 R 74,542.00
73 Footwear, gaiters and the like, parts thereof 64 R 72,677.00
74 Commodities not elsewhere specified 99 R 70,166.00
75 Live animals 01 R 56,749.00
76 Wool, animal hair, horsehair yarn and fabric thereof 51 R 52,670.00
77 Special woven or tufted fabric, lace, tapestry etc 58 R 50,723.00
78 Dairy products, eggs, honey, edible animal product nes 04 R 48,544.00
79 Musical instruments, parts and accessories 92 R 37,121.00
80 Sugars and sugar confectionery 17 R 14,563.00
81 Bird skin, feathers, artificial flowers, human hair 67 R 4,775.00
82 Cocoa and cocoa preparations 18 R 866.00
83 Lac, gums, resins, vegetable saps and extracts nes 13 R 772.00
84 Milling products, malt, starches, inulin, wheat gluten 11 R 151.00
85 Zinc and articles thereof 79 R 59.00
86 Manmade staple fibres 55 R 50.00
87 Cotton 52 R 11.00
# Description Chapter Amount


# Description Chapter Amount in Rands
1 Vehicles other than railway, tramway 87 R 22,308,517,016.00
2 Nuclear reactors, boilers, machinery, etc 84 R 7,491,461,398.00
3 Pearls, precious stones, metals, coins, etc 71 R 4,721,436,063.00
4 Ores, slag and ash 26 R 4,498,530,561.00
5 Miscellaneous chemical products 38 R 2,191,099,691.00
6 Mineral fuels, oils, distillation products, etc 27 R 1,233,069,791.00
7 Aircraft, spacecraft, and parts thereof 88 R 534,877,589.00
8 Furniture, lighting, signs, prefabricated buildings 94 R 456,589,674.00
9 Iron and steel 72 R 444,273,981.00
10 Electrical, electronic equipment 85 R 380,367,619.00
11 Optical, photo, technical, medical, etc apparatus 90 R 346,171,546.00
12 Ceramic products 69 R 224,456,387.00
13 Raw hides and skins (other than furskins) and leather 41 R 174,178,225.00
14 Organic chemicals 29 R 162,563,583.00
15 Rubber and articles thereof 40 R 131,349,671.00
16 Copper and articles thereof 74 R 108,308,228.00
17 Pharmaceutical products 30 R 90,271,881.00
18 Inorganic chemicals, precious metal compound, isotopes 28 R 86,596,636.00
19 Stone, plaster, cement, asbestos, mica, etc articles 68 R 73,025,446.00
20 Edible fruit, nuts, peel of citrus fruit, melons 08 R 52,180,800.00
21 Salt, sulphur, earth, stone, plaster, lime and cement 25 R 45,169,411.00
22 Glass and glassware 70 R 44,807,361.00
23 Plastics and articles thereof 39 R 40,312,599.00
24 Articles of leather, animal gut, harness, travel goods 42 R 34,914,213.00
25 Articles of iron or steel 73 R 32,846,836.00
26 Works of art, collectors pieces and antiques 97 R 29,779,954.00
27 Tools, implements, cutlery, etc of base metal 82 R 28,718,220.00
28 Tanning, dyeing extracts, tannins, derivs,pigments etc 32 R 28,559,441.00
29 Railway, tramway locomotives, rolling stock, equipment 86 R 27,350,084.00
30 Tobacco and manufactured tobacco substitutes 24 R 26,696,916.00
31 Essential oils, perfumes, cosmetics, toileteries 33 R 20,716,960.00
32 Clocks and watches and parts thereof 91 R 18,202,403.00
33 Aluminium and articles thereof 76 R 12,882,604.00
34 Fertilizers 31 R 12,391,475.00
35 Miscellaneous articles of base metal 83 R 12,251,833.00
36 Live trees, plants, bulbs, roots, cut flowers etc 06 R 10,465,915.00
37 Edible vegetables and certain roots and tubers 07 R 9,496,735.00
38 Beverages, spirits and vinegar 22 R 8,278,938.00
39 Residues, wastes of food industry, animal fodder 23 R 8,141,318.00
40 Soaps, lubricants, waxes, candles, modelling pastes 34 R 7,950,665.00
41 Animal,vegetable fats and oils, cleavage products, etc 15 R 7,564,105.00
42 Lead and articles thereof 78 R 7,293,563.00
43 Coffee, tea, mate and spices 09 R 6,378,585.00
44 Oil seed, oleagic fruits, grain, seed, fruit, etc, nes 12 R 6,283,139.00
45 Knitted or crocheted fabric 60 R 6,071,002.00
46 Miscellaneous edible preparations 21 R 5,745,154.00
47 Other made textile articles, sets, worn clothing etc 63 R 5,170,181.00
48 Nickel and articles thereof 75 R 4,232,872.00
49 Manmade filaments 54 R 3,766,578.00
50 Umbrellas, walking-sticks, seat-sticks, whips, etc 66 R 3,747,675.00
51 Special woven or tufted fabric, lace, tapestry etc 58 R 2,669,495.00
52 Articles of apparel, accessories, not knit or crochet 62 R 2,456,065.00
53 Printed books, newspapers, pictures etc 49 R 2,340,213.00
54 Miscellaneous manufactured articles 96 R 1,801,282.00
55 Fish, crustaceans, molluscs, aquatic invertebrates nes 03 R 1,674,406.00
56 Wood and articles of wood, wood charcoal 44 R 1,656,199.00
57 Albuminoids, modified starches, glues, enzymes 35 R 1,342,203.00
58 Lac, gums, resins, vegetable saps and extracts nes 13 R 974,135.00
59 Toys, games, sports requisites 95 R 938,364.00
60 Vegetable, fruit, nut, etc food preparations 20 R 908,393.00
61 Headgear and parts thereof 65 R 844,310.00
62 Paper & paperboard, articles of pulp, paper and board 48 R 807,730.00
63 Products of animal origin, nes 05 R 663,151.00
64 Musical instruments, parts and accessories 92 R 522,613.00
65 Articles of apparel, accessories, knit or crochet 61 R 454,633.00
66 Other base metals, cermets, articles thereof 81 R 453,112.00
67 Meat and edible meat offal 02 R 319,222.00
68 Sugars and sugar confectionery 17 R 188,756.00
69 Cereals 10 R 187,384.00
70 Impregnated, coated or laminated textile fabric 59 R 184,158.00
71 Furskins and artificial fur, manufactures thereof 43 R 163,949.00
72 Photographic or cinematographic goods 37 R 141,837.00
73 Live animals 01 R 109,495.00
74 Carpets and other textile floor coverings 57 R 109,067.00
75 Ships, boats and other floating structures 89 R 76,710.00
76 Bird skin, feathers, artificial flowers, human hair 67 R 75,041.00
77 Wadding, felt, nonwovens, yarns, twine, cordage, etc 56 R 58,580.00
78 Silk 50 R 41,662.00
79 Cotton 52 R 21,953.00
80 Manufactures of plaiting material, basketwork, etc. 46 R 6,955.00
81 Footwear, gaiters and the like, parts thereof 64 R 5,992.00
82 Cocoa and cocoa preparations 18 R 4,269.00
83 Milling products, malt, starches, inulin, wheat gluten 11 R 787.00
84 Cork and articles of cork 45 R 501.00
85 Dairy products, eggs, honey, edible animal product nes 04 R 89.00
86 Zinc and articles thereof 79 R 38.00
# Description Chapter Amount


# Description Chapter Amount in Rands
1 Vehicles other than railway, tramway 87 R 13,418,028,009.00
2 Nuclear reactors, boilers, machinery, etc 84 R 6,330,273,664.00
3 Ores, slag and ash 26 R 4,924,760,598.00
4 Pearls, precious stones, metals, coins, etc 71 R 4,162,041,371.00
5 Miscellaneous chemical products 38 R 2,228,793,529.00
6 Iron and steel 72 R 643,344,438.00
7 Furniture, lighting, signs, prefabricated buildings 94 R 592,103,753.00
8 Mineral fuels, oils, distillation products, etc 27 R 579,754,880.00
9 Aircraft, spacecraft, and parts thereof 88 R 447,519,384.00
10 Electrical, electronic equipment 85 R 271,502,601.00
11 Optical, photo, technical, medical, etc apparatus 90 R 227,319,371.00
12 Organic chemicals 29 R 214,587,521.00
13 Raw hides and skins (other than furskins) and leather 41 R 142,673,262.00
14 Rubber and articles thereof 40 R 129,572,735.00
15 Inorganic chemicals, precious metal compound, isotopes 28 R 94,331,185.00
16 Nickel and articles thereof 75 R 65,532,008.00
17 Salt, sulphur, earth, stone, plaster, lime and cement 25 R 55,812,925.00
18 Glass and glassware 70 R 47,451,670.00
19 Articles of iron or steel 73 R 44,474,625.00
20 Edible fruit, nuts, peel of citrus fruit, melons 08 R 42,631,285.00
21 Copper and articles thereof 74 R 37,480,994.00
22 Tobacco and manufactured tobacco substitutes 24 R 36,632,526.00
23 Tools, implements, cutlery, etc of base metal 82 R 28,202,305.00
24 Railway, tramway locomotives, rolling stock, equipment 86 R 24,190,077.00
25 Essential oils, perfumes, cosmetics, toileteries 33 R 22,514,035.00
26 Stone, plaster, cement, asbestos, mica, etc articles 68 R 21,406,197.00
27 Tanning, dyeing extracts, tannins, derivs,pigments etc 32 R 18,154,899.00
28 Lac, gums, resins, vegetable saps and extracts nes 13 R 17,075,130.00
29 Plastics and articles thereof 39 R 16,157,453.00
30 Pharmaceutical products 30 R 15,464,532.00
31 Articles of apparel, accessories, not knit or crochet 62 R 15,081,338.00
32 Works of art, collectors pieces and antiques 97 R 15,075,455.00
33 Miscellaneous articles of base metal 83 R 13,177,212.00
34 Animal,vegetable fats and oils, cleavage products, etc 15 R 12,554,117.00
35 Articles of leather, animal gut, harness, travel goods 42 R 11,533,308.00
36 Oil seed, oleagic fruits, grain, seed, fruit, etc, nes 12 R 10,689,478.00
37 Beverages, spirits and vinegar 22 R 9,065,358.00
38 Edible vegetables and certain roots and tubers 07 R 8,924,432.00
39 Lead and articles thereof 78 R 8,027,275.00
40 Meat and edible meat offal 02 R 7,597,787.00
41 Residues, wastes of food industry, animal fodder 23 R 7,023,841.00
42 Umbrellas, walking-sticks, seat-sticks, whips, etc 66 R 6,643,631.00
43 Clocks and watches and parts thereof 91 R 6,421,770.00
44 Coffee, tea, mate and spices 09 R 6,286,004.00
45 Fertilizers 31 R 6,143,337.00
46 Ceramic products 69 R 5,902,663.00
47 Aluminium and articles thereof 76 R 5,432,619.00
48 Other base metals, cermets, articles thereof 81 R 4,948,565.00
49 Soaps, lubricants, waxes, candles, modelling pastes 34 R 4,600,597.00
50 Miscellaneous manufactured articles 96 R 3,940,308.00
51 Other made textile articles, sets, worn clothing etc 63 R 3,793,673.00
52 Live trees, plants, bulbs, roots, cut flowers etc 06 R 3,447,439.00
53 Toys, games, sports requisites 95 R 3,429,454.00
54 Albuminoids, modified starches, glues, enzymes 35 R 3,219,199.00
55 Miscellaneous edible preparations 21 R 3,190,400.00
56 Printed books, newspapers, pictures etc 49 R 2,163,235.00
57 Manmade filaments 54 R 1,627,923.00
58 Ships, boats and other floating structures 89 R 1,228,187.00
59 Wood and articles of wood, wood charcoal 44 R 1,080,310.00
60 Wadding, felt, nonwovens, yarns, twine, cordage, etc 56 R 782,977.00
61 Live animals 01 R 502,739.00
62 Cereals 10 R 495,320.00
63 Paper & paperboard, articles of pulp, paper and board 48 R 474,156.00
64 Vegetable, fruit, nut, etc food preparations 20 R 325,015.00
65 Carpets and other textile floor coverings 57 R 268,092.00
66 Articles of apparel, accessories, knit or crochet 61 R 222,381.00
67 Knitted or crocheted fabric 60 R 212,806.00
68 Products of animal origin, nes 05 R 209,903.00
69 Headgear and parts thereof 65 R 206,095.00
70 Impregnated, coated or laminated textile fabric 59 R 181,906.00
71 Furskins and artificial fur, manufactures thereof 43 R 150,569.00
72 Manmade staple fibres 55 R 143,729.00
73 Cork and articles of cork 45 R 119,940.00
74 Photographic or cinematographic goods 37 R 94,392.00
75 Special woven or tufted fabric, lace, tapestry etc 58 R 81,943.00
76 Musical instruments, parts and accessories 92 R 73,910.00
77 Cotton 52 R 65,968.00
78 Vegetable textile fibres nes, paper yarn, woven fabric 53 R 38,697.00
79 Vegetable plaiting materials, vegetable products nes 14 R 31,697.00
80 Dairy products, eggs, honey, edible animal product nes 04 R 24,695.00
81 Footwear, gaiters and the like, parts thereof 64 R 10,676.00
82 Milling products, malt, starches, inulin, wheat gluten 11 R 9,095.00
83 Cereal, flour, starch, milk preparations and products 19 R 2,676.00
84 Manufactures of plaiting material, basketwork, etc. 46 R 1,500.00
85 Cocoa and cocoa preparations 18 R 1,200.00
86 Sugars and sugar confectionery 17 R 466.00
# Description Chapter Amount


# Description Chapter Amount in Rands
1 Nuclear reactors, boilers, machinery, etc 84 R 6,146,385,027.00
2 Vehicles other than railway, tramway 87 R 4,506,460,198.00
3 Pearls, precious stones, metals, coins, etc 71 R 3,536,488,184.00
4 Ores, slag and ash 26 R 2,515,555,142.00
5 Miscellaneous chemical products 38 R 2,285,845,801.00
6 Iron and steel 72 R 1,444,277,728.00
7 Furniture, lighting, signs, prefabricated buildings 94 R 752,138,788.00
8 Electrical, electronic equipment 85 R 325,695,753.00
9 Aircraft, spacecraft, and parts thereof 88 R 247,480,075.00
10 Optical, photo, technical, medical, etc apparatus 90 R 224,340,155.00
11 Mineral fuels, oils, distillation products, etc 27 R 223,591,735.00
12 Raw hides and skins (other than furskins) and leather 41 R 136,806,954.00
13 Inorganic chemicals, precious metal compound, isotopes 28 R 118,332,755.00
14 Rubber and articles thereof 40 R 103,703,182.00
15 Organic chemicals 29 R 79,347,954.00
16 Salt, sulphur, earth, stone, plaster, lime and cement 25 R 78,286,611.00
17 Nickel and articles thereof 75 R 66,898,166.00
18 Glass and glassware 70 R 57,973,389.00
19 Copper and articles thereof 74 R 52,360,927.00
20 Articles of iron or steel 73 R 45,950,601.00
21 Plastics and articles thereof 39 R 44,532,334.00
22 Toys, games, sports requisites 95 R 39,107,486.00
23 Railway, tramway locomotives, rolling stock, equipment 86 R 35,274,741.00
24 Stone, plaster, cement, asbestos, mica, etc articles 68 R 31,442,962.00
25 Tools, implements, cutlery, etc of base metal 82 R 26,201,267.00
26 Miscellaneous articles of base metal 83 R 19,844,893.00
27 Essential oils, perfumes, cosmetics, toileteries 33 R 17,171,919.00
28 Tobacco and manufactured tobacco substitutes 24 R 16,681,556.00
29 Edible fruit, nuts, peel of citrus fruit, melons 08 R 16,642,109.00
30 Tanning, dyeing extracts, tannins, derivs,pigments etc 32 R 13,497,273.00
31 Articles of leather, animal gut, harness, travel goods 42 R 13,441,757.00
32 Meat and edible meat offal 02 R 12,145,076.00
33 Soaps, lubricants, waxes, candles, modelling pastes 34 R 10,845,468.00
34 Lac, gums, resins, vegetable saps and extracts nes 13 R 10,689,282.00
35 Pharmaceutical products 30 R 10,278,466.00
36 Clocks and watches and parts thereof 91 R 9,516,247.00
37 Other base metals, cermets, articles thereof 81 R 9,471,313.00
38 Articles of apparel, accessories, not knit or crochet 62 R 8,667,868.00
39 Works of art, collectors pieces and antiques 97 R 8,553,498.00
40 Beverages, spirits and vinegar 22 R 7,774,593.00
41 Fertilizers 31 R 7,755,458.00
42 Umbrellas, walking-sticks, seat-sticks, whips, etc 66 R 7,618,761.00
43 Aluminium and articles thereof 76 R 7,356,693.00
44 Ceramic products 69 R 7,224,293.00
45 Residues, wastes of food industry, animal fodder 23 R 5,911,894.00
46 Edible vegetables and certain roots and tubers 07 R 4,565,341.00
47 Animal,vegetable fats and oils, cleavage products, etc 15 R 4,558,490.00
48 Manmade filaments 54 R 4,141,464.00
49 Live trees, plants, bulbs, roots, cut flowers etc 06 R 4,093,963.00
50 Other made textile articles, sets, worn clothing etc 63 R 3,731,293.00
51 Oil seed, oleagic fruits, grain, seed, fruit, etc, nes 12 R 3,598,208.00
52 Albuminoids, modified starches, glues, enzymes 35 R 3,520,440.00
53 Coffee, tea, mate and spices 09 R 2,702,590.00
54 Miscellaneous manufactured articles 96 R 1,989,164.00
55 Printed books, newspapers, pictures etc 49 R 1,967,618.00
56 Impregnated, coated or laminated textile fabric 59 R 1,487,980.00
57 Wood and articles of wood, wood charcoal 44 R 1,404,783.00
58 Lead and articles thereof 78 R 1,049,065.00
59 Carpets and other textile floor coverings 57 R 966,536.00
60 Ships, boats and other floating structures 89 R 945,000.00
61 Live animals 01 R 742,150.00
62 Knitted or crocheted fabric 60 R 595,433.00
63 Miscellaneous edible preparations 21 R 491,493.00
64 Vegetable, fruit, nut, etc food preparations 20 R 247,926.00
65 Cork and articles of cork 45 R 211,226.00
66 Footwear, gaiters and the like, parts thereof 64 R 194,499.00
67 Photographic or cinematographic goods 37 R 152,728.00
68 Wadding, felt, nonwovens, yarns, twine, cordage, etc 56 R 145,767.00
69 Paper & paperboard, articles of pulp, paper and board 48 R 134,277.00
70 Special woven or tufted fabric, lace, tapestry etc 58 R 123,672.00
71 Products of animal origin, nes 05 R 114,466.00
72 Musical instruments, parts and accessories 92 R 102,955.00
73 Articles of apparel, accessories, knit or crochet 61 R 101,222.00
74 Furskins and artificial fur, manufactures thereof 43 R 93,236.00
75 Headgear and parts thereof 65 R 55,770.00
76 Zinc and articles thereof 79 R 55,094.00
77 Milling products, malt, starches, inulin, wheat gluten 11 R 51,637.00
78 Manufactures of plaiting material, basketwork, etc. 46 R 35,637.00
79 Wool, animal hair, horsehair yarn and fabric thereof 51 R 32,302.00
80 Cocoa and cocoa preparations 18 R 21,073.00
81 Cereal, flour, starch, milk preparations and products 19 R 7,030.00
82 Sugars and sugar confectionery 17 R 6,206.00
83 Dairy products, eggs, honey, edible animal product nes 04 R 1,317.00
84 Vegetable plaiting materials, vegetable products nes 14 R 800.00
85 Tin and articles thereof 80 R 704.00
86 Manmade staple fibres 55 R 84.00
87 Pulp of wood, fibrous cellulosic material, waste etc 47 R 52.00
88 Fish, crustaceans, molluscs, aquatic invertebrates nes 03 R 42.00
# Description Chapter Amount
Export and Import Statistics

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Ref Date Received Officials Details Nature of Enquiry
Ref Date Received Officials Details Nature of Enquiry